Societal opinions about the acceptance of homosexuality vary between regions, with acceptance prominent in North America , Western Europe and most of Latin America. Secular countries, as opposed to religious countries, are more accepting of homosexuality. The first year findings included responses from 54 countries and revealed strong regional differences. This is because stigma and discrimination based on sexual orientation and identity can result in fewer earnings, and fewer employment opportunities, for people who are LGBT, which results in less money going towards a country's gross domestic product GDP.

Homophobia and HIV | AVERT

The barriers to health care faced by people who are LGBT, coupled with violence and mental health issues experienced by this population due to homophobia, can also cut short the number of years LGBT people are able to work, which again affects GDP. The closer the HCI is to 1. Public campaigns have proven successful in reaching large numbers of people with messages challenging homophobia.

This marked the beginning of the Gay Pride movement and the explosion of hundreds of Gay Pride events that celebrate people who identify as LGBT in order to combat the stigma and discrimination that arises from homophobia. InterPride, which represents Pride organisers around the world, estimates that more than Gay Pride events take place each year.

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Increasingly, Pride events are being held in countries with explicitly hostile environments for LGBT people. For example, Pride events began in Rwanda and Jamaica in and , respectively. For example, in May Crimea passed legislation which effectively prohibits any public displays of LGBT activities, which resulted in the banning of Crimea Pride in August LGBT organisations in Uganda have been holding Pride events since , which include a lesbian and bisexual night, a transgender beauty pageant and the distribution of lubricants and condoms in Kampala.

In , police raided the Uganda Pride beauty pageant and arrested around 16 people. Other large-scale public campaigns against homophobia have targeted specific areas of society such as sport. For example, the Rainbow Laces campaign in the UK encourages football players to wear rainbow laces in their football boots to show support for LGBT football players, reaching a wide audience with this positive message. Schools have an important part to play in challenging homophobia. Homophobia is fuelled by lack of awareness, and educating young people about LGBT issues is fundamental to overcoming widely accepted prejudice.

For example, in the Terrence Higgins Trust released a report on sexual and reproductive education SRE in British schools, based on a survey of more than young people ages My SRE at secondary school consisted of nothing whatsoever. In primary school I watched an animated video of a heterosexual couple having a pillow fight.

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This lack of, or non-existent, education in school has led to me feeling unprepared for life and unaccepting of who I am. Lauren Young, 18, survey respondent Community-based organisations CBOs play an important role in addressing homophobia. They have the scope to provide support to LGBT people who might feel marginalised and isolated, especially in societies where homosexuality is illegal.

Such groups can also influence the attitudes of the general public and can campaign for tolerance towards homosexuality. Many LGBT people are too shy to go to health centres to get services as they face a lot of discrimination when they get there.

Part of this has to do with the lack of images available to critique not to mention the general hesitation to do research on a topic like homosexuality, which was still considered very controversial into the s. Some of the earliest work in the field, including Chesebro , came out of discussions in the Caucus on Gay and Lesbian Concerns now the Caucus on Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Concerns , which officially formed within the National Communication Association in as a means of lobbying for the visibility of gay and lesbian studies and its practitioners within the communication discipline.

Since then some of the work in this field has been captured in wonderful edited volumes, such as Barnhurst and Duberman Barnhurst, Kevin G. Media q: New York: Peter Lang.

Queer Representation in Film and Television

This edited volume is a strong collection of essays from some of the most important thinkers in the area of gay men and lesbians in the media. The book covers a lot of terrain and serves as a strong overview of the topic. Chesebro, James W. Gay male and lesbian communication. One of the earliest texts to move beyond a focus on homosexual behavior or scientific studies of homosexuality, this edited volume focuses on manifestations of homosexual identity and community.

A section of the book is devoted to public images of the gay and lesbian community. Duberman, Martin, ed.

Queer representations: Reading lives, reading cultures. New York Univ. Whereas most work on queer representations focuses on film, video, and television, this edited volume delves into some of the lesser-explored areas of representation of homosexuality, including literature and photography and the other visual arts.

Dyer, Richard, ed. Gays and film. New York Zoetrope. Originally published in Dyer, a British film theorist, is responsible for some of the earliest and best work on representations of gay men and lesbians in film. This volume is critical, as it argues for a special relationship between gays and the cinema that extends beyond simple representations. Dyer, Richard. Now you see it: Studies on lesbian and gay film. Importantly, we are not arguing that enhanced visibility generated by the media always improves the lived experiences of gay and lesbian people.

It depends on the context and exact media content.

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Media portrayals may arrive in contexts already somewhat open to gay and lesbian people, or in contexts where discrimination and hostility hold sway. In addition, given media portrayal can highlight more or less sensational or controversial aspects of gay life, and indeed often neglects the broad array of issues experienced by members of this diverse community. The takeaway of our research is that as the liberalization of attitudes towards gays and lesbians has occurred in many countries across the globe since the s, change has been encouraged in part by communications climates — within and across nations — that allow for the free transmission of minority viewpoints.

Yet gaps in tolerance and freedom of expression remain between free countries and those that restrict the sharing of controversial content or minority viewpoints. To close gaps in tolerance and cultural change, movements and leaders must encourage various forms of media to tell more accurate stories about lesbian and gay people. Promoting a more inclusive and representative depiction of queer people in the media may expand tolerance toward all kinds of stigmatized minorities, even across national boundaries. In corners of the globe where homosexual rights are still highly contentious, both personal and virtual contacts conveying positive images of lesbians and gays can lead to constructive change.

Share pdf twitter facebook. Phillip M. Occidental College. Virtual Contacts with Gays and Lesbians Information that flows through media — via television, movies, music, books and many other channels — encourages contact and communication between groups and even across national boundaries.